Belgika

Belgium

Egoera nahasi hau argitzeko, zenbait taula egin ditugu hiru orritan banaturik:   1. Brusela eta Flandria (orri hau berau) 1.1. Brusela: Elebiduna frantsesez eta holandesez. 1.2 Flandria: Holandesa; gutxiengoek eskubiderik ez. 1.3. Flandroa: Holandesa + gutxiengo eskubideak frantsesarentzat. 2. Walonia: Frantsesa eta Waloniera 2.1. Walonia: Frantsesa; gutxiengoek eskubiderik ez 2.2. Walonia: Frantsesa + gutxiengo eskubideak holandesarentzat. 2.3. Walonia: Waloniera (eskubiderik gabe). 3. Alemana Walonian. 3.1. Eskualde alemana Walonian. 3.2. Walonia: Frantsesa + gutxiengo eskubideak alemanarentzat.. 3.3. Walonia: gutxiengo eskubiderik ez dialekto alemanaren hiztunentzat Luxenburg probintzian. 3.4. Alemana Belgikako eskualde ez alemanetan. Mapa batzuk ere bai: Belgika, eskualde linguistikoen banaketa. Waloniera. Ikus era berean Holandesa (Flandriera) Frantzian.

So, to deal with this complex situation we have put three pages with several tables:   1. Brussels and Flanders (this page) 1.1. Brussels: Bilingual in French and Dutch. 1.2 Flanders: Dutch; no linguistic minority rights 1.3. Flanders: Dutch + linguistic minority rights for French speaking 2. Wallonia: French and Walloon 2.1. Wallonia: French; no linguistic minority rights 2.2. Wallonia: French + linguistic minority rights for Dutch speaking 2.3. Wallonia: Walloon (nor recognised). 3. German in Wallonia. 3.1. German region in Wallonia 3.2. Wallonia: French + linguistic minority rights for German speaking 3.3. Wallonia: no linguistic minority rights for German dialect speakers of Luxemburg province 3.4. German in non-german areas of Belgium. Also some maps: A. Belgium, division in linguistic regions. B. Walloon language.   Check also the table for Dutch (Flemish) in France.

1.1.

Brusela Frantsesa + Holandesa (biak berdinak eskubideetan)

Brussels French + Dutch (equal)

* Holandesez / *Dutch	*Frantsesez
Oudergem	Auderghem
Sint-Agatha-Berchem	Berchem-Sainte-Agathe
Brussel	Bruxelles
Vorst	Forest
Elsene	Ixelles
Laken	Laeken
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek	Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
Sint-Gillis	Saint-Gilles
Sint-Joost-ten-Node	Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
Schaarbeek	Schaerbeek
Ukkel	Uccle
Watermaal-Bosvoorde	Watermael-Boitsfort
Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe	Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
Sint-Pieters-Woluwe	Woluwe-Saint-Pierre

1.2.

Flandria Holandesa; gutxiengoek eskubiderik ez. Duela hamarkada gutxi arte, Flandriako eliteak ere frantsesez mintzo ziren, baina erabat aldatu da hori. Frantsesez mintzo den komunitatearen hondarrak ezkutatuta bezala bizi dira gaur egunean, baina egon behar dute hor nonbait, Flandriarrak Walonian izan behar diren bezala eta alemanak Belgika osoan zehar. Bestetik, ohitura dago Flandriako izenak kanpoan frantsesezko eretan ematekoa, eta hau arbuiatzeko modukoa da, ikuspuntu euskaldun batetik batez ere.

Flanders Dutch; no linguistic minority rights. There are also (there MUST be), a french speaking minority in the area of Flanders with no recognised rights, as well as Flemish in Wallonia, and Germans all over Belgium. Until recently, elites in Flanders spoke French, but that has changed radically. Nowadays the remains of the french speaking community have a kind of hidden existence. Outside Belgium, Flemish towns are often mentioned in their French names, which is not a good praxis.

* Holandesez / *Dutch	* Frantsesez
Aalst	Alost
Antwerpen	Anvers
Baarle-Hertog	Baerle-Duc
Borgloon	Looz
Brugge	Bruges
De Haan	Le-Coq-sur-Mer
De Klinge	La Clinge
De Panne	La Panne
Dendermonde	Termonde
Diksmuide	Dixmude
Drongen	Tronchiennes
Galmaarden	Gammerages
Gent	Gand
Geraardsbergen	Grammont
Goetsenhoven	Gossoncourt-lez-Tirlemont
Groot-Bijgaarden	Grand-Bigard
Gutschoven	Gossoncourt-lez-Looz
Halle	Hal
Heist-aan-Zee	Heyst-sur-Mer
Herk-de-Stad	Herck-la-Ville
Ieper	Ypres
Jeuk	Goyer
Kester	Castre
Koksijde	Coxyde
Kortrijk	Courtrai
Lauw	Lowaige
Lembeek	Lembecq
Leopoldsburg	Bourg-Léopold
Leuven	Louvain
Lier	Lierre
Lovenjoel	Lovenjoul
Mechelen	Malines
Menen	Menin
Nieuwkerke	Neuve-Eglise
Nieuwpoort	Nieuport
Oostende	Ostende
Oude-God	Vieux-Dieu
Oudenaarde	Audenarde
Roeselare	Roulers
Sint-Agatha-Rode	Rhode-Sainte-Agathe
Sint-Joris-Weert	Weert-Saint-Georges
Sint-Kruis-Winkel	Winkel-Sainte-Croix
Sint-Kwintens-Lennik	Lennick-Saint-Quentin
Sint-Martens-Lennik	Lennick-Saint-Martin
Sint-Niklaas	Saint-Nicolas
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw	Leeuw-Saint-Pierre
Sint-Truiden	Saint-Trond
Temse	Tamise
Tienen	Tirlemont
Tongeren	Tongres
Veurne	Furnes
Vilvoorde	Vilvorde
Vreren	Freres
Wervik	Wervicq
Zoutleeuw	Léau

1.3.

Flandria Holandesa + gutxiengo eskubideak frantsesarentzat. Frantsesak hizkuntz eskubideak (taalfaciliteiten) ditu, hizkuntzen mugako 12 udalerritan, geografikoki banandutako 9 lurraldetan.

Flanders Dutch + linguistic minority rights for French speaking French has minority rights (the so-called "taalfaciliteiten" - "language facilities") in 12 municipalities along the linguistic border. Those municipalities consist of 9 geographically separated territories or enclaves.

* Holandesez / * Dutch	* Frantsesez
Bever	Biévène
Helkijn	Helchin
Kraainem	Crainhem
Moelingen	Mouland
Ronse	Renaix
's Gravenvoeren	Fouron-le-Comte
Sint-Genesius-Rode	Rhode-Saint-Genèse
Sint-Martens-Voeren	Fouron-Saint-Martin
Sint-Pieters-Voeren	Fouron-Saint-Pierre
Spiere	Espierres
Voeren	Fourons

Laguntzaileak / Informers: Wilfried Pieters, Jean-Louis Xhonneux

Eguneratua / Updated: 1997-12-12

Loturak / Links:

* Fourons website

http://www.reocities.com/Paris/5908

 

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Belgium - General overview

 

written by Albert STASSEN, and submitted by GeoNative collaborator Jean-Louis XHONNEUX from Fourons

 

 

A) Belgium is a complex area. It is a three language state divided in three political regions that are federated: Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders.

 

B) There are three language communnities recognised: French, Dutch (flemisch) and German.

 

C) Four language regions:

- Dutch area in all of Flanders ( 5.600.000 inhabitants in the provinces West and East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Antwerpen and Limburg )

- Bilingua French-dutch area in Brussels, (19 communes with 1.000.000 inhabitants)

- French area in Wallonia, (3.400.000 inhabitants in the provinces Wallons Brabant, Liège, Hainaut, Namur, Luxembourg.

- German area in Wallonia.( 9 communes with 67.000 inhabitants alongside Germany boundary.)

 

D) Except Brussels, basically the others are officially monolingual, but there are protected minority rights in serveral areas for French in Flanders (all around Brussels: Communes WezembeekÉpem, Kraainem,/Crainhem, Linkebeek Wemmel, Drogenbos, Sint Genesius Rode/Rhode St Genèse. Alongside the linguistic boundary: Mesen, SpiereHelchin/Espierres-Helchin, Ronse/Renaix, Bever/Biévène, Herstappe and the very well-known Voeren/Fourons.) Dutch in Wallonia (allongside the linguistic boundary in Hainaut province: Communes Comines-Warneton /Komen-Waasten, MouscronlMouscroen, Enghien/Edingen. FlobecqMoesberg. ) German in Wallonia ( in the french communes Malmedy,Waimes/Weismes, next to the official German area in Wallonia)

 

E) Other endogenous language communities with no recognition at all are ( in use for theatre, poetry, folklore and regional culture): -In Wallonia:

Romanic language:

- Gaumais(lorrain) (all around Virton)

- Champenois (commune of Vresse Sur Semois) - Walloon ( in East Wallonia ,composed of Walloon Liégeois, Walloon-Gaumais, Walloon-Picard, in the area Liège,Verviers, Namur, Ardennes, Charleroi)

- Picard (in West Wallonia ,area Mons, La Louvière, Tournai, Mouscron)

 

Germanic language:

- Letzebuerguesch(Moselfrankish)(area Arlon) - Ripuarish (communes Amel, Bullingen, Butgenbach, Raeren in the official German area)

- Rhine-Maas Frankish (communes Eupen, Lontzen, Kelmis/La Calamine in the official German area and the communes Plombières, Welkenraedt, Baelen, Aubel in the French area)

 

In Flanders: (germanic languages)

- Rhine-Maas Frankish (commune Voeren/Fourons) - Limburgish (part of province Limburg)

- Brabantish (provinces Flemish Brabant and Antwerpen) - East Flemish (province East Flanders)

- West Flemish (province West Flanders)

 

In Brussels: Popular Brussels language (marollien) (mixing of Brabantish and French)

 

F) Other minority language communities with no recognition at all are ( the voluntarily frenchify bourgeoisie in Flanders towns since 18th century and the exogenous immigration in the three regions, from Belgium and from foreigner) - Until recently, natives elites in Flanders with name " the Fransquillons " spoke French, but that has changed radically. Nowadays the remains of the french speaking community in Flanders towns (Gent, Brugge, Antwerpen, Mechelen, Leuven, Sint-Truiden, Tongeren...) have a kind of hidden existence and is today, with the german community, the most bilingual minority in Belgium.

 

- In Wallonia there is also a flemish speaking minority. From the l9th Century until the 30's there was a big immigration of flemish to the industrila and mining centres and in the agriculture of Wallonia. But they all assimilated very quickly.

 

- In Flanders (Brabant, all around Brussels) there is also, from the 30's there until today, a not assimilated french speaking minority immigration from Brussels .(100.000)

 

- From the 30's until the 70's there was a big immigration of Italian (280.000, 75% in Wall.), Morrocan (105.000, 55% in Brussels), Turkish (63.000, 50% in Flanders), Spanish (58.000, 50% in Brussels)...

 

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